Арабские страны всех времен

Арабские страны. Палестина, Иордания, Ирак

Современный мир условно подразделяется на несколько частей, характеризуемых какими-либо особенностями. Западная и восточная, европейская и арабская культуры имеют свою геополитическую «привязку». Сегодня под термином «арабские страны» подразумеваются государства, основная часть населения которых говорит на арабском языке.

Объединение арабских государств

Языковые и культурные особенности

Основным образующим элементом любого арабского государства является язык и культура, развивающаяся на его основе. Сегодня такая культура является открытой и подверженной воздействию других, таких как индийская, монгольская, андалусская. Однако наиболее сильное влияние оказывают западные традиции.

Религия

В арабском сообществе такая религия, как ислам, исполняет двоякую роль. С одной стороны, она объединяет арабов в общественной и политической жизни, а с другой – служит причиной разногласий и даже вооруженных конфликтов между сторонниками различных течений внутри. Следует понимать, что арабские и мусульманские страны не являются тождественными понятиями. В мире не все арабские государства исповедуют ислам, в некоторых одновременно сосуществует несколько религиозных конфессий. Кроме того, следует помнить, что к мусульманским странам относятся и те, где большинство жителей не являются арабами.

Ислам — мощный культурный фактор, благодаря которому, наряду с языком, происходит сплочение всего арабского мира, но он же может разделять и приводить к кровопролитным войнам.

Страны арабского мира

Всего насчитывается 23 арабские страны, список которых представлен ниже:

Следует отметить, что не все арабские страны, список которых представлен, признаются остальными государствами. Так, Сахарская Арабская Демократическая Республика, не входящая в Лигу арабских государств (ЛАГ), официально признана только полусотней стран мира. Марокканские власти осуществляют контроль над большей частью ее территорий.

Кроме того, государство Палестина, входящее в ЛАГ, признано 129 государствами. В этой стране две не имеющие общей границы области: Сектор Газа и Западный берег реки Иордан.

Страны арабского мира территориально подразделяются на три больших группы:

Кратко рассмотрим каждую из них.

Арабские страны Африки, или Магриб

В строгом смысле Магрибом (Западом) называются только те государства, что расположены к западу от Египта. Однако сегодня принято именовать так все североафриканские арабские страны, такие как Мавритания, Ливия, Марокко, Тунис и Алжир. Сам Египет считается центром, сердцем всего арабского мира и входит в состав Великой магрибинской дуги. Кроме него, в нее входят такие страны, как Марокко, Тунис, Алжир, Мавритания, Ливия и Западная Сахара.

Страны Аравийского полуострова

Самым большим полуостровом на нашей планете является Аравийский. Именно на нем находится большая часть стран-поставщиков нефти. Например, ОАЭ (Объединенные Арабские Эмираты), состоящие из семи самостоятельных государств. Кроме того, именно на его территории расположены такие страны, лидирующие по нефтедобыче, как Йемен, Саудовская Аравия, Оман, Кувейт, Бахрейн, Катар. В прежние времена страны, расположенные на Аравийском полуострове, выступали лишь как перевалочные и промежуточные пункты на торговых путях, ведущих в Ирак и Иран. Сегодня благодаря открытым в середине прошлого века огромным запасам нефти каждая из арабских стран Аравийского региона имеет собственный значимый политический, стратегический и экономический вес.

Кроме того, страны, расположенные в Персидском заливе, являются историческими центрами зарождения и развития ислама, откуда он распространился и в другие регионы.

Страны Восточного Средиземноморья

К восточно-средиземноморскому азиатскому региону, носящему название Машрик, относятся такие страны арабского Востока, как Республика Ирак, Королевство Иордания, Сирия, Ливия и обладающая лишь статусом автономии Палестина. Машрик — это с момента образования в конце сороковых годов ХХ века государства Израиль наиболее беспокойная, практически постоянно воюющая зона арабского мира. На протяжении всего ХХ века здесь постоянно происходили арабо-израильские войны и конфликты. Остановимся более подробно на таких государствах Восточного Средиземноморья, как Ирак, Иордания и Палестина.

Республика Ирак

Это арабское государство располагается в долинах рек Евфрат и Тигр, в Месопотамской низменности, и омывается с юго-востока водами Персидского залива. Граничит страна с Кувейтом, Ираном, Турцией, Сирией, Саудовской Аравией и Иорданией. На севере и северо-востоке Ирака расположены Армянское и Иранское нагорья, которые отличаются высокой сейсмической активностью.

Страна Ирак, столицей которой является Багдад – это вторая по величине арабская страна восточно-средиземноморского и ближневосточного региона, с населением более 16 млн человек.

Революция 1958 года привела к падению монархии в этой стране, а с 1963 г. все большую политическую силу стала набирать Партия арабского социалистического возрождения (ПАСВ). В результате ожесточенной борьбы в шестидесятых годах прошлого века эта партия пришла к власти в 1979 году во главе с С. Хусейном. Данное событие стало значительным этапом в жизни государства. Именно этот политик сумел устранить всех своих соперников и установить режим тоталитарной власти. Хусейн посредством либерализации экономической политики и сплочения нации на идее «общего врага», сумел обеспечить рост собственной популярности и получить практически безграничную власть.

Под его предводительством Ирак развязал в 1980 году войну против Ирана, которая продлилась вплоть до 1988 года. Переломным был 2003 год, когда возглавляемые США коалиционные войска осуществили вторжение в Ирак, итогом чего стала казнь Саддама Хусейна. Последствия этого вторжения сказываются до сих пор. Некогда сильная страна стала огромной ареной боевых действий, в которой нет ни развитой промышленности, ни мира.

Хашимитское Королевство Иордания

На юго-западе Азии, на северо-западном окончании Аравийского полуострова, к западу от Ирака и к югу от Сирийской Республики расположилось Королевство Иордания. Карта страны наглядно показывает, что почти вся ее территория состоит из пустынных плато и различных возвышенностей и гор. Граничит Иордания с Саудовской Аравией, Ираком, Сирией, Израилем и автономной областью Палестиной. Страна имеет выход к Красному морю. Столицей государства является Амман. Кроме того, можно выделить крупные города — Эз-Зарка и Ирбид.

С 1953 по 1999 год, вплоть до своей кончины, страной управлял король Хусейн. Сегодня королевством руководит его сын – Абдалла II, являющийся представителем династии Хашимитов и, как принято считать, в 43 поколении одним из прямых потомков пророка Мухаммеда. Как правило, правитель в арабских странах имеет ничем не ограниченное влияние, однако в Иордании власть монарха регулируется Конституцией и парламентом.

Сегодня это наиболее спокойная во всех отношениях территория арабского Востока. Основной доход этой стране приносит туризм, а также помощь других, более богатых арабских государств.

Палестина

Эта автономная область восточного Средиземноморья состоит из двух не соседствующих между собой регионов: Сектора Газа, граничащего с Израилем и Египтом, и Западного берега реки Иордан, который только с востока соприкасается с Иорданией, а со всех остальных сторон окружен израильской территорией. В природном отношении Палестина подразделяется на несколько областей: плодородную низменность, расположенную вдоль побережья Средиземного моря, и холмистое нагорье, находящееся восточнее. На самом востоке страны начинаются степи, плавно переходящие в Сирийскую пустыню.

В 1988 году, после множества арабо-израильских военных конфликтов и отказа Иордании и Египта от претензий на палестинские территории, Национальный Совет Палестины объявил о создании независимого государства. Первым президентом автономии стал легендарный Ясир Арафат, после смерти которого, в 2005 году, на этот пост был выбран находящийся и сегодня у власти Махмуд Аббас. Сегодня в Секторе Газа правящей партией является ХАМАС, пришедший к власти в результате победы на выборах в данной автономии. На Западном береге управляет всей государственной деятельностью Палестинская национальная администрация.

Отношения между Палестиной и Израилем находятся в крайне напряженном состоянии и перманентно переходят в вооруженное противостояние. Границы палестинского государства практически со всех сторон контролируются израильскими вооруженными силами.

Источник

History of the Arabs

The history of the Arabs begins in the mid-ninth century BC, which is the earliest known attestation of the Old Arabic language. The Arabs appear to have been under the vassalage of the Neo-Babylonian Empire; they went from the Arabian Peninsula to Mauritania. [1] Original Arabic tribes originated in what is now Hejaz, Najd and Yemen and then spread to levant to establish what is known the Ghassanid and Lakhmid kingdoms, in which they began to appear in the southern Syrian Desert from the mid-third century AD onward, during the mid to later stages of the Roman and Sasanian empires. [2] Tradition holds that Arabs descend from Ishmael, the son of Abraham. [3] The Syrian Desert is the home of the first attested «Arab» groups, [4] [5] as well other Arab groups that spread in the land and existed for millennia. [6]

Before the expansion of the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661), «Arab» referred to any of the largely nomadic and settled Semitic people from the Arabian Peninsula, Syrian Desert, North and Lower Mesopotamia. [7] Today, «Arab» refers to a large number of people whose native regions form the Arab world due to the spread of Arabs and the Arabic language throughout the region during the early Muslim conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries. [8] The Arabs forged the Rashidun (632–661), Umayyad (661–750) and the Abbasid (750–1258) caliphates, whose borders reached southern France in the west, China in the east, Anatolia in the north, and the Sudan in the south. This was one of the largest land empires in history. [9] In the early 20th century, the First World War signalled the end of the Ottoman Empire; which had ruled much of the Arab world since conquering the Mamluk Sultanate in 1517. [10] This resulted in the defeat and dissolution of the empire and the partition of its territories, forming the modern Arab states. [11] Following the adoption of the Alexandria Protocol in 1944, the Arab League was founded on 22 March 1945. [12] The Charter of the Arab League endorsed the principle of an Arab homeland whilst respecting the individual sovereignty of its member states. [13]

Contents

Antiquity [ edit ]

Historical Arab states and dynasties

Kingdom of Qedar	800 BC–300 BC
kingdom of Ma’in	600 BC–150 BC
Kingdom of Lihyan	600 BC–100 BC
Nabataean Kingdom	400 BC–106 AD
Qatabān kingdom	400 BC–200 AD
Kingdom of Awsan	230s BC–115s BC
Kingdom of Kindah	200 BC–633 AD
Kingdom of Osroene	132 BC–244 AD
Himyarite Kingdom	110 BC-525 AD
Emesan dynasty	64 BC–300s AD
Kingdom of Hatra	100s–241 AD
Tanukhids	196–1100 AD
Ghassanids	220–638 AD
Salihids	300s–500s AD
Lakhmids	300s–602 AD

Rashidun	632–661
Umayyads	661–750
Abbasids	750–1258
Fatimids	909–1171

Emirate of Armenia	654–884
Emirate of Tbilisi	736–1122
Emirate of Crete	824–961
Dulafids	840–897
Habbarids	854–1011
Kaysites	860–964
Shirvanshah	861-1538
Alavids	864–928
Hamdanids	890–1004
Rawadids	955–1071
Mazyadids	961–1150
Jarrahids	970–1107
Uqaylids	990–1096
Numayrids	990–1081
Mirdasids	1024–1080
Munqidhites	1025–1157
Ma’anids	1517–1697
Harfushs	1517–1865
Shihabids	1697–1842
Saghirids	1712–1989

Emirate of Córdoba	756–929
Muhallabids	771–793
Idrisids	788–974
Aghlabids	800–909
Sulaymanids	814–922
Emirate of Sicily	831–1091
Caliphate of Córdoba	929–1031
Kanzids	1004–1412
Bakrids	1012–1051
Tujibids	1013–1039
Amirids	1020–1086
Abbadids	1023–1091
Yahsubids	1023–1062
Hammudids	1026–1057
Muzaynids	1027–1063
Jawharids	1031–1091
Hudids	1039–1110
Sumadihids	1041–1091
Tahirids	1049–1078
Nasrids	1230–1492
Saadids	1554–1659
Senussids	1837–1969

Imamate of Oman	751–1970
Ziyadids	819–1138
Yufirids	847–997
Ukhaidhirds	865–1066
Rassids	897–1962
Qarmatians	899–1077
Wajihids	926–965
Sharifate of Mecca	968–1925
Sulayhids	1047–1138
Sulaymanids	1063–1174
Uyunids	1076–1253
Zurayids	1083–1174
Nabhanids	1154–1624
Mahdids	1159–1174
Rasulids	1229–1454
Usfurids	1253–1320
Jarwanids	1305–1487
Kathirids	1395–1967
Tahirids	1454–1526
Jabrids	1463–1521
Qasimids	1597–1872
Ya’arubids	1624–1742
Upper Yafa	1800–1967
Muscat and Oman	1820–1970
Rashidids	1836–1921
Qu’aitids	1858–1967
Emirate of Beihan	1903–1967
Idrisids	1906–1934
Mutawakkilite Kingdom	1926–1970

Makhzumi dynasty (Shewa)	896–1279
Nabahani dynasty (Pate Island)	1203–1894
Mahdali dynasty (Kilwa)	1277–1495
Mazrui dynasty (Mombasa)	1746–1828
Nabahani dynasty (Wituland)	1858–1895
Sultanate of Zanzibar	1856–1964
Tippu Tip’s State	1860–1887

Alaouites (Morocco)	1631–present
Al Qasimi (Ras al Khaymah)	1727–present
Al Qasimi (Sharjah)	1727–present
Al Saud (Saudi Arabia)	1744–present
Al Said (Oman)	1749–present
Al Sabah (Kuwait)	1752–present
Al Nahyan (Abu Dhabi)	1761–present
Al Nuaim (Ajman )	1810–present
Al Mu’alla (Umm al-Quwain)	1775–present
Al Khalifa (Bahrain)	1783–present
Al Maktoum (Dubai)	1833–present
Al Thani (Qatar)	1868–present
Al Sharqi (Fujairah)	1900–present
Hashemites (Jordan)	1921–present

Origins [ edit ]

Arabs are first mentioned in Biblical and Assyrian texts of the ninth to fifth centuries BC where they appear as nomadic pastoralists inhabiting the Syrian Desert. [14] Proto-Arabs are presumed to have originated from what is now modern-day Hejaz and Najd in Saudi Arabia. Arabs spread from there to the central and southern parts of Levant, sometimes replacing previously spoken Semitic languages.

The study of Pre-Islamic Arabia is important to Islamic studies as it provides the context for the development of Islam. Some of the settled communities in the Arabian Peninsula developed into distinctive civilizations. Sources for these civilizations are not extensive, and are limited to archaeological evidence, accounts written outside of Arabia, and Arab oral traditions later recorded by Islamic scholars. Among the most prominent civilizations was Dilmun, which arose around the 4th millennium BC and lasted to 538 BC, and Thamud, which arose around the 1st millennium BC and lasted to about 300 CE. Additionally, from the beginning of the first millennium BC, Southern Arabia was the home to a number of kingdoms, such as the Sabaean kingdom, and the coastal areas of Eastern Arabia were controlled by the Parthians and Sassanians from 300 BC.

Classical kingdoms [ edit ]

Proto-Arabic, or Ancient North Arabian, texts give a clearer picture of the Arabs’ emergence. The earliest are written in variants of epigraphic south Arabian musnad script, including the 8th century BCE Hasaean inscriptions of eastern Arabia, the 6th century BCE Lihyanite texts of southeastern Saudi Arabia and the Thamudic texts found throughout the Arabian Peninsula and Sinai (not in reality connected with Thamud).

The Nabataeans were nomads who moved into territory vacated by the Edomites – Semites who settled the region centuries before them. Their early inscriptions were in Aramaic, but gradually switched to Arabic, and since they had writing, it was they who made the first inscriptions in Arabic. The Nabataean alphabet was adopted by Arabs to the south, and evolved into modern Arabic script around the 4th century. This is attested by Safaitic inscriptions (beginning in the 1st century BCE) and the many Arabic personal names in Nabataean inscriptions. From about the 2nd century BCE, a few inscriptions from Qaryat al-Faw reveal a dialect no longer considered proto-Arabic, but pre-classical Arabic. Five Syriac inscriptions mentioning Arabs have been found at Sumatar Harabesi, one of which dates to the 2nd century CE.

Arabs arrived in the Palmyra in the late first millennium BC. [15] The soldiers of the sheikh Zabdibel, who aided the Seleucids in the battle of Raphia (217 BC), were described as Arabs; Zabdibel and his men were not actually identified as Palmyrenes in the texts, but the name «Zabdibel» is a Palmyrene name leading to the conclusion that the sheikh hailed from Palmyra. [16] Palmyra was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate after its 634 capture by the Arab general Khalid ibn al-Walid, who took the city on his way to Damascus; an 18-day march by his army through the Syrian Desert from Mesopotamia. [17] By then Palmyra was limited to the Diocletian camp. [18] After the conquest, the city became part of Homs Province. [19]

Palmyra prospered as part of the Umayyad Caliphate, and its population grew. [20] It was a key stop on the east–west trade route, with a large souq (market), built by the Umayyads, [20] [21] who also commissioned part of the Temple of Bel as a mosque. [21] During this period, Palmyra was a stronghold of the Banu Kalb tribe. [22] After being defeated by Marwan II during a civil war in the caliphate, Umayyad contender Sulayman ibn Hisham fled to the Banu Kalb in Palmyra, but eventually pledged allegiance to Marwan in 744; Palmyra continued to oppose Marwan until the surrender of the Banu Kalb leader al-Abrash al-Kalbi in 745. [23] That year, Marwan ordered the city’s walls demolished. [18] [24] In 750 a revolt, led by Majza’a ibn al-Kawthar and Umayyad pretender Abu Muhammad al-Sufyani, against the new Abbasid Caliphate swept across Syria; [25] the tribes in Palmyra supported the rebels. [26] After his defeat Abu Muhammad took refuge in the city, which withstood an Abbasid assault long enough to allow him to escape. [26]

Late kingdoms [ edit ]

The Ghassanids, Lakhmids and Kindites were the last major migration of pre-Islamic Arabs originating from Yemen. The Ghassanids increased the Semitic presence in the then Hellenized Syria, the majority of Semites were Aramaic peoples. They mainly settled in the Hauran region and spread to modern Lebanon, Palestine and East Jordan.

Greeks and Romans referred to all the nomadic population of the desert in the Near East as Arabi. The Romans called Yemen «Arabia Felix». [27] The Romans called the vassal nomadic states within the Roman Empire Arabia Petraea, after the city of Petra, and called unconquered deserts bordering the empire to the south and east Arabia Magna.

The Lakhmids as a dynasty inherited their power from the Tanukhids, the mid Tigris region around their capital Al-Hira. They ended up allying with the Sassanids against the Ghassanids and the Byzantine Empire. The Lakhmids contested control of the Central Arabian tribes with the Kindites with the Lakhmids eventually destroying Kinda in 540 after the fall of their main ally Himyar. The Persian Sassanids dissolved the Lakhmid dynasty in 602, being under puppet kings, then under their direct control. [28] The Kindites migrated from Yemen along with the Ghassanids and Lakhmids, but were turned back in Bahrain by the Abdul Qais Rabi’a tribe. They returned to Yemen and allied themselves with the Himyarites who installed them as a vassal kingdom that ruled Central Arabia from «Qaryah Dhat Kahl» (the present-day called Qaryat al-Faw). They ruled much of the Northern/Central Arabian peninsula, until they were destroyed by the Lakhmid king Al-Mundhir, and his son ‘Amr.

Medieval period [ edit ]

Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) [ edit ]

After the death of Muhammad in 632, Rashidun armies launched campaigns of conquest, establishing the Caliphate, or Islamic Empire, one of the largest empires in history The Hejaz was at the center of the Rashidun Caliphate, in particular whilst its capital was Medina from 632 to 656 ACE. It was larger and lasted longer than the previous Arab empire of Queen Mawia or the Aramean-Arab Palmyrene Empire. The Rashidun state was a completely new state and unlike the Arab kingdoms of its century such as the Himyarite, Lakhmids or Ghassanids.

Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 & 756–1031) [ edit ]

In 661, the Rashidun Caliphate fell into the hands of the Umayyad dynasty and Damascus was established as the empire’s capital. The Umayyads were proud of their Arab identity and sponsored the poetry and culture of pre-Islamic Arabia. They established garrison towns at Ramla, Raqqa, Basra, Kufa, Mosul and Samarra, all of which developed into major cities. [30]

Caliph Abd al-Malik established Arabic as the Caliphate’s official language in 686. [31] This reform greatly influenced the conquered non-Arab peoples and fueled the Arabization of the region. However, the Arabs’ higher status among non-Arab Muslim converts and the latter’s obligation to pay heavy taxes caused resentment. Caliph Umar II strove to resolve the conflict when he came to power in 717. He rectified the disparity, demanding that all Muslims be treated as equals, but his intended reforms did not take effect, as he died after only three years of rule. By now, discontent with the Umayyads swept the region and an uprising occurred in which the Abbasids came to power and moved the capital to Baghdad.

Umayyads expanded their Empire westwards capturing North Africa from the Byzantines. Before the Arab conquest, North Africa was conquered or settled by various people including Punics, Vandals and Romans. After the Abbasid Revolution, the Umayyads lost most of their territories with the exception of Iberia. Their last holding became known as the Emirate of Córdoba. It wasn’t until the rule of the grandson of the founder of this new emirate that the state entered a new phase as the Caliphate of Córdoba. This new state was characterized by an expansion of trade, culture and knowledge, and saw the construction of masterpieces of al-Andalus architecture and the library of Al-Ḥakam II which housed over 400,000 volumes. With the collapse of the Umayyad state in 1031 AD, Islamic Spain was divided into small kingdoms.

Abbassid Caliphate (750–1258 & 1261–1517) [ edit ]

The Abbasids were the descendants of Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, one of the youngest uncles of Muhammad and of the same Banu Hashim clan. The Abbasids led a revolt against the Umayyads and defeated them in the Battle of the Zab effectively ending their rule in all parts of the Empire with the exception of al-Andalus. In 762, the second Abbasid Caliph al-Mansur founded the city of Baghdad and declared it the capital of the Caliphate. Unlike the Umayyads, the Abbasids had the support of non-Arab subjects. [30]

The Islamic Golden Age was inaugurated by the middle of the 8th century by the ascension of the Abbasid Caliphate and the transfer of the capital from Damascus to the newly founded city of Baghdad. The Abbassids were influenced by the Qur’anic injunctions and hadith such as «The ink of the scholar is more holy than the blood of martyrs» stressing the value of knowledge. During this period the Muslim world became an intellectual centre for science, philosophy, medicine and education as the Abbasids championed the cause of knowledge and established the «House of Wisdom» (Arabic: بيت الحكمة ‎) in Baghdad. Rival dynasties such as the Fatimids of Egypt and the Umayyads of al-Andalus were also major intellectual centres with cities such as Cairo and Córdoba rivaling Baghdad. [32]

The Abbasids ruled for 200 years before they lost their central control when Wilayas began to fracture in the 10th century; afterwards, in the 1190s, there was a revival of their power, which was ended by the Mongols, who conquered Baghdad in 1258 and killed the Caliph Al-Musta’sim. Members of the Abbasid royal family escaped the massacre and resorted to Cairo, which had broken from the Abbasid rule two years earlier; the Mamluk generals taking the political side of the kingdom while Abbasid Caliphs were engaged in civil activities and continued patronizing science, arts and literature.

Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171) [ edit ]

The Fatimid caliphate was founded by al-Mahdi Billah, a descendant of Fatimah, the daughter of Muhammad, in the early 10th century. Egypt was the political, cultural, and religious centre of the Fatimid empire. The Fatimid state took shape among the Kutama Berbers, in the West of the North African littoral, in Algeria, in 909 conquering Raqqada, the Aghlabid capital. In 921 the Fatimids established the Tunisian city of Mahdia as their new capital. In 948 they shifted their capital to Al-Mansuriya, near Kairouan in Tunisia, and in 969 they conquered Egypt and established Cairo as the capital of their caliphate.

Intellectual life in Egypt during the Fatimid period achieved great progress and activity, due to many scholars who lived in or came to Egypt, as well as the number of books available. Fatimid Caliphs gave prominent positions to scholars in their courts, encouraged students, and established libraries in their palaces, so that scholars might expand their knowledge and reap benefits from the work of their predecessors. [33] The Fatimids were also known for their exquisite arts. Many traces of Fatimid architecture exist in Cairo today; the most defining examples include the Al-Hakim Mosque and the Al-Azhar University.

It was not until the 11th century that the Maghreb saw a large influx of ethnic Arabs. Starting with the 11th century, the Arab bedouin Banu Hilal tribes migrated to the West. Having been sent by the Fatimids to punish the Berber Zirids for abandoning Shias, they travelled westwards. The Banu Hilal quickly defeated the Zirids and deeply weakened the neighboring Hammadids. According to some modern historians. their influx was a major factor in the arabization of the Maghreb. [34] [35] Although Berbers ruled the region until the 16th century (under such powerful dynasties as the Almoravids, the Almohads, Hafsids, etc.).

Ottoman Empire (1299–1922/1923) [ edit ]

From 1517 to 1918, much of the Arab world was under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans defeated the Mamluk Sultanate in Cairo, and ended the Abbasid Caliphate. Arabs did not feel the change of administration because the Ottomans modeled their rule after the previous Arab administration systems. [ citation needed ]

In 1911, Arab intellectuals and politicians from throughout the Levant formed al-Fatat («the Young Arab Society»), a small Arab nationalist club, in Paris. Its stated aim was «raising the level of the Arab nation to the level of modern nations.» In the first few years of its existence, al-Fatat called for greater autonomy within a unified Ottoman state rather than Arab independence from the empire. Al-Fatat hosted the Arab Congress of 1913 in Paris, the purpose of which was to discuss desired reforms with other dissenting individuals from the Arab world. However, as the Ottoman authorities cracked down on the organization’s activities and members, al-Fatat went underground and demanded the complete independence and unity of the Arab provinces. [36]

After World War I, when the Ottoman Empire was overthrown by the British Empire, former Ottoman colonies were divided up between the British and French as League of Nations mandates.

Modern period [ edit ]

Arabs in modern times live in the Arab world, which comprises 22 countries in Western Asia, North Africa, and parts of the Horn of Africa. They are all modern states and became significant as distinct political entities after the fall and defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.

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